Applying Nassim Talebs Thoughts to Your Future Post-MBA Career

Nassim Taleb, the thought-provoking, bestselling author of Fooled by Randomness, Black Swan, and Antifragile, always pokes fun at MBAs, economists, and academic types. What then can we learn from him, given his seemingly evident contempt for the path you are planning to take? How can you use his own thoughts to your advantage towards achieving your post-MBA goals? Have a Sense of Humor Well, to put things in perspective, Taleb himself is a Wharton MBA and has served as a professor at NYU. So, the first lesson for everybody would be this: Don’t get too attached to titles and distinctions. Let’s have a sense of humor about ourselves! Aside from allowing us to enjoy life more, having a sense of humor reduces our biases, making us more conscious of â€Å"unknown unknowns.† It also helps us keep our minds  open to new experiences and ideas outside the defined â€Å"knowledge† in our specific fields. Be Aware of the Problem with Experts Taleb also humanizes â€Å"experts† no matter how distinguished they may be  in their fields, their error rates are higher than what you would expect. Thus, as you make your career-defining decisions, be sure to keep in mind  what the  downsides would be if the expert predictions you have relied on fail. Credentials, jargon and expensive suits can make gurus, economists and military analysts look like real experts, even if they have  poor track records of success or  predictive abilities. Beware of relying blindly on these â€Å"empty suits† who can be anywhere, including CEOs, senior managers and classmates. With no exceptional ability to achieve results, â€Å"empty suits† focus on looking and sounding credible, rather than providing real substance. As an MBA, it would help you to develop both the ability to detect these empty suits, and still learn  skills to effectively communicate with them. By  observing them closely, you can  consider adopting the  tactics they use that  work (while avoiding what doesnt work) and integrating them into your (hopefully!) sound reasoning and solid plans. This will help you better present your ideas and win people over  to help achieve your projects’ objectives and your personal goals. Domestication of Employees? In an excerpt from Taleb’s work-in-progress book, Skin in the Game, he shares perspectives on the power structure between employers and employees. Drawing from his personal experiences and observations, Taleb discusses the evolution of the â€Å"company person† into a â€Å"companies person†. As a high-potential employee, you will no longer be only concerned about your reputation within your own  company, but the times now dictate that you will  also want to  be attractive to other companies in the event that  you have to move on, whether by circumstances or by choice. Taleb argues that caring so much about this reputation and about performance evaluations by your direct superiors is a form of slavery. Employees who have relocated with their entire families  to  remote  outposts of their companies also fall into the trap of having their whole lives hanging by the whimsical thread of the boss at headquarters. Thus, they cannot be expected to make any radical decisions that could potentially displease their superiors. The employees with the most freedom are  often salespeople  Ã‚  they dont have to worry as much about pleasing their bosses as they  hold the potential  threat of taking customers with them if  they move. Knowing what you are getting into within the power structure of your role, organization and industry could help serve as an additional guide on how to handle your own expectations and how to plan for your next moves. You may not completely agree with Taleb’s conclusions, but do consider his thoughts as you navigate your post-MBA career. Being aware of these concepts and lessons may just  help your future professional life. Applying to business school? Call us at 1-800-925-7737 and speak with an MBA admissions expert today, or take our free MBA Admissions Profile Evaluation  for personalized advice for your unique application situation! And as always, be sure to find us on Facebook, YouTube, Google+  and Twitter. Written by Edison Cu, a Veritas Prep Head Consultant for  INSEAD.

Health Science Assignment Causes Of Sleep Disorders - 275 Words

Health Science Assignment: Causes Of Sleep Disorders (Essay Sample) Content: Students Name:Lecturers Name:Institutional Affiliation:Subject:DateAn altered state hypnosis refers to a temporary change in a persons normal mental state. It can either be intentional, accidental or due to illness. More often sick people for instance hallucinate, feel dreamy or even fail to react to their environment normally. During sleep people experience virtual images and may wake up shaking or making noise. On the contrary, role playing involves subjects acting as they are told to do by a hypnotist. Role playing depends on such factors like subjects expectation, motivation and willingness to cooperate built up by their closeness. This is unlike altered state that involves the generally unusual mental state. Altered state and role playing are both similar because they all involve a cognitive change that involves basic mechanisms of consciousness as a product of the social interaction.Generally, psychoactive drug is a chemical substance that basically upon the bra ins central nervous system altering its normal functionality through acts like behavior. Personal gratification such as having pleasure for temporary adaptation as common means to reduce tension, relieve boredom and fatigue are the most common reasons why people put up with these drugs. Curiosity, social pressure and an illusion to escape from the harsh realities of life form the baseline for taking these drugs. Psychological dependence often arouses the need for the substance that causes the feel food effect once it is withdrawn leading to adverse effects on social, personal and economical welfare. Psychological dependence will creep in when the body can no longer function without the drug to attain its high tolerance levels. This can cause painful experiences to the body.Dreams are wish-fulfillments; any dream that one has is an effort to get what they want either literally or symbolically. Literally refers to the outward meaning of the dream while symbolically involves dream inte rpretation. Secondly, temporary storage of short term to long term memories; they flash as memories are mov...

Alzheimer s Disease Vs. Dementia - 2014 Words

Alzheimer s disease vs. Dementia Name Institution Alzheimer s disease vs. Dementia Alzheimer’s is an irreversible, progressive disease of the brain that gradually destroys memory as well as thinking skills. It eventually destroys the ability to perform the simplest chores. In many individuals with Alzheimer’s, the symptoms manifest after 65 years of age. Among the elderly people, Alzheimer’s illness is the leading cause of dementia (Stern, 2006). Dementia includes a loss of behavioral abilities and cognitive function including thinking, reasoning, and remembering. The loss of behavioral abilities and cognitive function may interfere with an individual’s daily activities of living. Dementia varies in severity from the mildest phase, at onset, affecting an individual’s functioning to the most serious phase when the individual must depend entirely on other people for basic daily living activities. (Pasquier, 1999). This paper will explain the difference between Alzheimer’s disease and dementia since the two are greatly confuse d. Alzheimer‘s disease disrupts the regular functioning of the brain, bringing about dementia (Patterson et al., 2008). A patient’s mental clarity, memory, and sometimes language abilities progressively decline with time. The disease brings about physical changes inside the brain, whereby certain regions of brain matter enlarge while others shrink. When brain parts enlarge or shrink, the normal links inside get broken, interruptingShow MoreRelatedEffects Of The Brain On Alzheimer s Disease1467 Words   |  6 PagesChanges in the brain may a play role in Alzheimer’s disease Introduction â€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks individuals with AD may start having symptoms their mid-60s† (nih.gov). 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INTRODUCTION 1.1. ABOUT ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 2 ADNI 2.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY 2.2 MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF ADNI 2.3 QUALITY CONTROL 2.4 LONI DATA ARCHIVE 2.5 ADNI- MRI CORE 3. PURPOSE OF MRI 3.1MRI 3.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS IN MRI OF ADNI 4. MULTI ATLAS SELECTION 4.1 REGISTRATION AND SEGMENTATION 4.2 AUTOMATED TEMPORALRead MoreEarly Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Look Into Biomarkers3465 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION Alzheimers disease is a form of dementia that is nonreversible and develops over a period of years that affects mostly the elderly population. Alzheimers disease can be mistaken for normal aging but personality and behavior changes sets Alzheimers disease apart. Although Alzheimers disease is considered an aged disease, it has been documented to affect people before the age of 65. This is termed early onset Alzheimers disease which accounts for 5-10% of all Alzheimers disease. 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If you could take a magic pill and have a stable memory...would you do it? This paper explores the potential effects Lithium Carbonate has on memory, motor skills and cognition. ForRead MoreHealth Promotion And The Nurse Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pageswith anyone over the age of 65 with complex health problems and to help them achieve a sense of wholeness and well-being while keeping their body, spirit, and mind healthy and active (Eliopoulis, 1997). Health was originally seen as the absence of disease and illness. However, the health of an individual is greatly impacted by many other factors such as their social and physical environment and by increasing the control an individual has over their own health. Therefore, health promotion can be summarized

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald And The Sun Also...

Materialism is one of the fundamental American attitudes and encompasses a wide array of desires, such as those for power, wealth, and excess. As outlined in L. Robert Kohls’ piece â€Å"The Values Americans Live By,† the value of materialism is used in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway, to illustrate how collecting or consuming an excess is used in attempts to stave off regret. Characters in both novels show how far Americans take this, and help to perpetuate Kohls’ ideas regarding self-indulgence and its effect on people and their relations with others. In The Great Gatsby, the character of Jay Gatsby acts a great example of American acquisitiveness, due to his tendency to turn to material wealth for comfort. An important part of his past was having his family die and leave him a large monetary inheritance, which only made him yearn for more money. When Gatsby is explaining to Nick his life, he says â€Å"â⠂¬ËœAfter that I lived like a young rajah†¦ collecting jewels, chiefly rubies, hunting big game, painting a little, things for myself only, and trying to forget something very sad that had happened to me long ago’† (Fitzgerald 65-66). This shows how he spent his time securing these treasures and focused only on himself, in an effort to forget about an event that troubled him in the past: a regret. The use of the word â€Å"trying† in the quote is important, because it implies that his attempts to forget this past event had failed. YetShow MoreRelated Parallels Between The Sun Also Rises by Hemingway and The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald 1064 Words   |  5 PagesParallels Between The Sun Also Rises by Hemingway and The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the decade of the 1920s, America was going through many changes, evolving from the Victorian Period to the Jazz Age. Changing with the times, the young adults of the 1920s were considered the Lost Generation. The Great War was over in 1918. Men who returned from the war had the scars of war imprinted in their minds. The eighteenth amendment was ratified in 1919 which prohibitedRead MoreHemingway vs. Fitzgerald1518 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Gertrude Stein, the literary figures of the 1920’s â€Å"drank themselves to death†, especially two of the greatest writers of the 20th century, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway. Although both authors use alcohol as a â€Å"mask† or an escape to try and fill the void of hopelessness, Hemingway has a stronger emphasis on alcohol than Fitzgerald and also uses it as a means of communion. The life of Ernest Hemingway is a perfect example of turning to alcohol to escape the hopelessness and aimlessnessRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Modernism1513 Words   |  7 Pagesillustrate this theme of modernism are F. Scott Fitzgerald, author of The Great Gatsby, and Ernest Hemingway, author of The Sun Also Rises. From the outside, one may think The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story. However, its overall theme is more about The American Dream and how people are unable to obtain it. The Great Gatsby took place in the 1920s, a time in which America’s economy was booming. At the same time prohibition that created an underground empire. Fitzgerald shows the decline of moral andRead More A Comparison of Biographic Features in The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby2532 Words   |  11 PagesA Comparison of Biographic Features in The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby The writers F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway included biographical information in their novels The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises that illuminated the meaning of the work. Although The Sun Also Rises is more closely related to actual events in Hemingways life than The Great Gatsby was to events in Fitzgeralds life, they both take the same approach. They both make use of non-judgemental narratorsRead MoreRoaring Twenties : A Decade Of Extravagance939 Words   |  4 Pagesbooming with authors such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, William Falkner, Langston Hughes, and Ernest Hemmingway all found their spotlight each with an original work of literature that got the human race not only entertained but aware. In the novel The Great Gatsby, penned by F. Scott Fitzgerald, a story about a rich man living in the early 1920’s New York. The titular character, Gatsby, has an interesting story that was one of the first modern day love stories. Gatsby had an extravagant mansionRead More Hemingway and Fitzgerald Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesHemingway and Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, the parties of one of the most famously infamous relationships in literary history met for the first time in late April 1925 at The Dingo Bar, a Paris hangout for the bohemian set. In his novel A Moveable Feast (published posthumously) Hemingway describes his first impressions of Fitzgerald: â€Å"The first time I ever met Scott Fitzgerald a very strange thing happened. Many strange things happened with Scott, but thisRead More Comparing Barnes of The Sun Also Rises and Caraway of The Great Gatsby1531 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities Between Barnes of The Sun Also Rises and Caraway of The Great Gatsby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supported by Ten Quotes from   Sun Also Rises, No quotes from Gatsby  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jacob Barnes shares a personality quirk with Nick Caraway; both want to give the impression of being decent, honest men forced to endure the corruption and pettiness of those around them. â€Å"Whats not clear through most of The Sun Also Rises is whether or not Jake believes his own press†(Trilling, 34). Nick Caraway speaks openly of hisRead MoreTaking a Look at the Jazz Age1600 Words   |  6 Pagesnew beginnings for Americans. During the Jazz Age, the United States erupted in new musical and cultural changes. These changes can be seen through the shift in literature, from conservative to contemporary writings, by literary giants like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Bessie Smith. The Jazz Age was known as the Roaring Twenties, and is still popular today due to its infamous jazz music, flappers, and prohibition. The Jazz Age was an exciting, and contemporary time period in American history. During theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald944 Words   |  4 Pagesschool typically use physical objects and maybe even characters as forms of symbolism to convey a deeper meaning within that is not in the same realm as the main plot, The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald is notable for using different colors as symbols to display deeper themes. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses various colors to describe the qualities of different characters and the circumstances of events that take place within the story. Three colors and their symbolic meaningRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1567 Words   |  7 PagesThe pace was faster, the shows were broader, the buildings were higher, the morals were looser, and the liquor was cheaper† (Fitzgerald 112, My Lost City). The 1920s was an innovated evolution, away from traditional morals of many Americans to those values less conservative and open-minded. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s, The Great Gatsby, and Ernest Hemingway’s, The Sun Also Rises, act as an exploration of Americans’ shift in values, post-World War One (WWI). These authors do so by commenting on the excessive

The Effects Of Sports Violence On Athletes - 1491 Words

When we talk about violence in athletics, we are referring to any form of physical act that is committed by or against the athletes at the time of athletic events. These acts go against the regulations of the athletics bodies that govern the sport. Such acts of violence in athletics involve both deliberate schemes to injure fellow athletes and actual harm or threats directed towards the athletes by the spectators. The act of engaging in violence by some athletes is an attempt to intimidate or injure the opponents. A number of players and coaches have for a number of years been accused of such plots as a way of trying to outdo their opponents. Many of such cases have been welcomed by strict legal measures such as bans from participating in a future sporting activities. Reinforcement is one of the root cause of violence in athletics. Athletes are reinforced to be highly aggressive while competing either in the field or the track by the coach and captain. Their desire to be successful athletes also contribute to the aggressiveness. Sometimes, this aggressiveness may spill over into their social lives. When these athletes exaggerate their aggressiveness and direct into to their opponents, this leads to violence. The aggressive behavior in the filed or tack might sometimes be carried into other areas outside the sports arena. This can be a public place, the place of work or the domestic environment. When the athletes transfer their hostile behavior into these avenues, it isShow MoreRelatedThe Damaging Effect Of Sports On Women924 Words   |  4 PagesThe Damaging Effect of Sports on Women When it comes to the topic of sports, many people would assert that sports are a tool that can be used to bring people together. However, in her essay, â€Å"We Don’t Like Football, Do We?† Mariah Burton Nelson argues that sports have created a platform where men can be brought together to diminish the ideas and worth of women. Nelson argues that with the idea that men are meant to play sports that require more strength and force, women are beginning to increasinglyRead MoreSports And Its Effects On Sports1397 Words   |  6 PagesConcussions in Sports Sports have been a major source of entertainment since the Romans and Greek times, when the Greeks had the earliest version of the Olympic games, and the Romans had gladiator fights and chariot races. In the United States sports, still plays a significant role as one of the leading entertainment industries in the country. In 2010, the big four US professional sports leagues, NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, generated $22 billion in gross revenue, with the whole US sports industry generatingRead MoreYouth Sports Should Not Be A Challenge For Children1361 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up as a young adult is hard enough as it is, playing sports should not be a challenge for them, but a fun environment filled with growth and learning. Unfortunately the youth today have to deal with more than just competing at sports. Youth sports should be focusing on challenging their strengths and building character, but this is not the case. The challenges that the youth in sports today are going through deals wit h three different categories. The first is parents that are out of controlRead MoreSports Violence Must Be Abolished963 Words   |  4 Pagesthese sports. I am indeed referring to the intense physicality that all three of these sports strongly value. As a devoted hockey fan, I am a witness to a great part of the physicality that takes place. Therefore, I am well aware and understand that physicality is crucial in order to compete in most sports, but we have to draw the line somewhere. When there is primary intent to injure and physically hurt someone this is considered â€Å"violence†. Violence is becoming increasingly prevalent in sports, andRead MoreEssay on Pro Athletes and Violent Crimes1382 Words   |  6 Pagescompetitive nature of todays sports associations calls for athletes to be aggressive and forceful , both physically and mentally. This aggressive mentality stays with some athletes off the field, and may explain why so many athletes are committing violent crimes . Society calls for athletes to give flawless performances in the stadiums and arenas. The fans have grown accustomed to high flying, hard hitting shows of athleticism and finesse, and oftentimes an athletes success gains them a elevatedRead MoreEssay on Violence in Sports1396 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in Sports With the increase in society taking a stance against violence, sports has become an area where some feel that the violent acts such as the hitting and fighting that occurs should be eliminated. It is very difficult to change the way that a game is played because people have been playing it that way for years. The violence in sports needs to be eliminated because of the extreme cases that continue to haunt many of the leagues and the players themselves. There are many theoriesRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Violence in Sports1553 Words   |  7 PagesInfluence of Violence in Sports Sports are an important part of our world. Take a look at any newspaper, listen to any radio, or watch TV for any length of time and there will surely be some sports information that is being passed along. The fact that sports figures get paid salaries that teachers can only dream about lets us know where our priorities lie in this society. Sports consume a lot of our time and energy, and because of this, they have great influence in our culture. Because sports newsRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity And Domestic Violence963 Words   |  4 PagesThe media produces double standards by representing the act of domestic violence among athletes differently based on the gender of the perpetrator or person committing the crime. Hegemonic masculinity can best be described as the dominant, privileged, and often invisible category of men at any point in history. In gender studies, hegemonic masculinity refers to the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior. Hegemonic masculinity posits that society strongly encouragesRead MoreBoxing and Violent Sporting Events1631 Words   |  7 Pagesviolent-physical-sports-should-be-banned Should violent sports be banned? Contact this writer Should violent sport be banned? YES There should be nothing violent about sporting, yet today violent sports has so dominated   the entertainment arena, that some people seems to live by it, and cant get enough of it. These kinds of sports however, should be banned for several reasons.   Violence begets violence, and once there are  limited restrictions, generations after generations will be caught in aRead MoreAggression Of The Field : Aggression1720 Words   |  7 Pages Aggression in the NFL When it comes to aggression in sports there are many different factors that play a role in causing it. Athletes may get themselves involved many situations because of on the field aggression, and bring their problems home and take it out on their wife. Another reason that athletes are involved with aggression is because the use of alcohol and drugs. Last but not least, some of these pro athletes are used to being physical all the time and they sometimes forget how strong they

Essay on Network Security - 1610 Words

Network Security 1. What is network security? Network security has changed significantly over the past years. There is more and more data to monitor and analyze in order to detect the activity of your data and systems. Securing a network has many variables. Password authentication, network access, patches, anti-virus protection, intrusion detection, firewall and network monitoring tools are just a few of the things you can do to protect yourself. Threats to your network is becoming more complex and it is requiring lots of money, time and sacrifices to keep up with the growing amount of potential attacks. Companies cannot protect themselves with just a firewall anymore. Now its requiring a full security department that†¦show more content†¦Its the same type of the thing, protecting your computer data from getting in the wrong hands. Who are these wrong hands? The familiar term is hacker which Websters dictionary describes as 3: an expert at programming and solving problems with a computer 4: a person who illegally gains access to and sometimes tampers with information in a computer system. One of the main reasons for the high level of network security is because of the bad part of the computer hacking world. 2. How to protect yourself? Protecting yourself is only effective if you know what you are protecting your against and how to protect. There are a couple ways to start getting you more protected. The first is installing the default operating system. This would have a default password, no security patches and no virus protection. The second thing you dont want to do is use simple and common passwords like for example, password. In the 10 immutable laws below, one of the laws is someone is always trying to guess your password so make sure its unique. A third suggestion would be to keep as many ports that you dont need closed and a firewall can do this which is covered in the 3rd section on Security Technologies. Finally, make sure you dont click on any email that you dont recognize or looks suspicions. Many viruses get spread by opening emails or clicking on the link inside. This rule would help decrease the spreadShow MoreRelatedThe Security Of A Home Network1352 Words   |à ‚  6 Pages Yu Lun Chou 1730799 MADS 6638 Computer Security Admin. George Thucydides 4/26/2016 Table of content Introduction Inventory Vulnerability Test Protection Support Incident Response  Introduction Information play an essential role in everywhere. For a company, in order to run the company well, information management is a necessary skill, and leaking information, odds are , causes significant damage to the company. Even though a private network will not have as great damage as an organizationRead MoreWorldwide Network Security7789 Words   |  32 PagesMARKET ANALYSIS Worldwide Network Security 2012–2016 Forecast and 2011 Vendor Shares John Grady IDC OPINION The worldwide network security market grew by 6.1% in 2011. The total market, which includes firewall, unified threat management (UTM), intrusion detection and prevention (IDP), and virtual private network (VPN) solutions, reached $7.4 billion in 2011. UTM revenue saw the strongest growth at 17.4% and reached $2.2 billion. The IDP market saw more moderate growth at 4.5%, reaching $1.9Read MoreThe Problem Of Computer Network Security1222 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Computer network security has never been as critical as it is today. The news is littered with the widespread incidents of hacking and cyber theft in the financial, entertainment, and retail industries, and more recently in our military. A recent survey, conducted by Kaspersky Lab, a leader in endpoint protection solutions, found that 94% of all companies surveyed experienced a cyber security issue (Kaspersky Lab, 2014). Furthermore, a recent study has found that the average cost ofRead MoreNetwork Security And The Security934 Words   |  4 PagesHospital Network Security With a multitude of changes occurring in the technology field, it is critical that hospitals maintain the highest levels of security for their internal network as well as their public access network. Hospitals contain vital information about patients, treatment styles, employees and staff, as well as pharmaceuticals that are kept on the premises. The importance of protecting this information cannot be understated and a breach in security could cause a breakdown inRead MoreThe Security Of A Network984 Words   |  4 Pagesare many threats today that can compromise the security of a network. Network security is now more important as ever as attacks on networks that hold valuable information are being breached, even with security measures put in place. One of the biggest threats to a network is data theft. Outside hackers pose the greatest threat. These thieves target a company’s network and steal information through vulnerabilities that they have found in their networks. They usually gain access through the use of aRead MoreNetwork Security664 Words   |  3 Pagesencompasses the network solution and security considerations is a major consideration for your company. Considering that the company will be expanding from one (1) floor to three (3) floors in the very near future you, as the CIO, are responsible for the design of the infrastructure and security protocols. You have been tasked with designing a network that is stable, redundant, and scalable. In addition, speed and reliability are important considerations. 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Epidemiology Health Conditions

Question: Discuss about theEpidemiology for Health Conditions. Answer: Introduction The aim of this paper is to apply epidemiological approaches to evaluate evidence in heath science. Epidemiology is a study on patterns, effects and cause health conditions of a specified population(Birmann et al., 2016). Specifically, this paper will draw a reflection on the accumulated knowledge of epidemiology and skills, then utilize them to appraise the association between exposure and the results in relation to peer-reviewed epidemiological survey covered by Golley et al. Therefore, the paper will start by giving evidence presentation as per the article and proceed to elaborate the evident association between the outcomes and the specified exposure. Causal association and accordance between the two are also going to be discussed in the paper. Finally, the paper will discuss the external validity of the results. Here, the reality regarding the survey will be determined, and also relating the study with scientific concepts and other research that had been done earlier in the same field of sturdy. Thus, a complete appraisal between the peer-reviewed articles exposure and outcome will be discussed in this paper. Evidence Presentation According to Golley et al., (2007), when a parent is trained in line with certain skills, he or she can easily address an overweight issue in a child. The evidence based on this reticle proves that parenting skills are the main strategy for treating overweight in children. To support the findings, the relative effectiveness of parenting skills was evaluated through an appropriate design. Therefore, the exposure or intervention according to this article was the design which comprised of randomized, control trial entailing 111 people among which 64% were overweight women (Golley et al., 2007). The exposure also contained prepubertal kids aged between 6 and 9 years. Through the design, the research found out that the body mass index was reduced by 10%after 12 months (Golley et al., 2007). The study design entailed the use of a randomized, single-blinded and control trial to determine the effectiveness of two child weight control intervention referred to as parenting skills training with intent little education (Golley et al., 2007). Generally, the study was done in two metropolitan hospitals in Adelaide located in the southern part of Australia. The population for the study comprised of families, recruited in July 2012 and August 2003. Within the population, children aged between 6 and 9 years were included. Through this design, the research realized a significant reduction of body mass index Z-score over 12 between (Golley et al., 2007). It was also found out that height Z-score for all participants studied increased from 1.2 0.9 to 1.3 0.9 at baseline and 12 months respectively (Golley et al., 2007). Association Between the Exposure and the Outcome The observed association between the exposure and outcome is strong and hence, the existence of the causal relationship. The design of the study consisted of two experimentations including randomized and control trial, where female and male were used as the population. After 12 months of study, the results were obtained, in which when only one subject is applied (parenting-skills training alone) the result were 5% lower than when both the latter and intensive lifestyle training were used (Golley et al., 2007). However, there was consistency in the outcome. In this particular study, the results are likely to be affected by selection or measurement bias because the two may cause non-inclusion of some members of the population (Kloog et al., 2015). Such scenario may result in a biased sample (Fang, Brooks Chrischilles, 2012). For instance, the study here involved two major methodologies in which one both the parenting-skills training and intensive lifestyle training were used, while the other one the former was exempted (Golley et al., 2007). In the two distinct approaches, the results were not the same. Therefore, the results are likely to be affected by selection or measurement bias (Ward-Caviness et al., 2016). The result is also likely to be confounding because the primary interest is combined with external factors. When the two variable are combined in a study, the results are affected, thereby causing an inaccuracy (Hallager et al., 2016). The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of the effect or contribution of parenting skil ls on managing the weight of children at various age groups. However, besides the control experiment, there was the promotion of healthy family lifestyle (Golley et al., 2007). Here, the former was a confiding factor because it relates directly with the result. Evidently, promotion of family lifestyle may have a lot of effects on the weight of the population (Golley et al., 2007). Generally, a confounding factor or variables always affect the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. When the relationship between the two variables is affected, the researcher is likely to interpret the results wrongly. Tentatively, such situations result in no meaningful conclusion. Therefore, the result is likely to be affected by confounding likewise with chance variation. In a laymans language, chance variation is an external factor hat proceeds to affect the variables of a research despite the effort of trying to control all the external factors. In the research where only the effectiveness of parenting skills was on controlling the overweight in children, the expected result was expected to be negative (Golley et al., 2007). However, when additional perspective was incorporated into the study, the result came out to be different by 5% (Golley et al., 2007). Therefore, chance variation is likely to affect the result because any aspect of it causes the outcome. However, the total amount of chance may cause a simultaneous act due to substantiality. Apparently, eliminating chance variation in an experiment is quite difficult(GrambergPenne, 2015). To sum up, the association between the exposure and the result is strong because the result was obtained. However, both the measurement biases, confounding, and chance variation are likely to affect the results . Causal Association Between the Exposure and the Outcome There is proof of a causal association between the exposure and the outcome. The causal relationship is caused by a relationship between the exposure and the results (Hongkai et al., 2016). In the study, a control experiment was used. As noted earlier, the exposure composed of randomized, an assessor-blinded and a controlled trial that involved 111overweight individuals (Golley et al., 2007). After the twelve months, the results obtained were not the same in the two procedures where one incorporated both the parenting-skills training and promotion of healthy lifestyle, and one in which the latter was exempted (Golley et al., 2007). This is affirmed through the 5% difference between the two approaches. Specifically, there was a height increase of 6.5 1.3 cm after 12 months from the baseline, the Z-score of the heights of all participants adjusting from 1.2 0.9 to 1.3 1.2 in baseline and 12 months respectively, indicate that the exposure relates to outcome (Golley et al., 2007). Besi des, groups had an important reduction of body mass index Z-score over 12, confirming further the consistency of the results (Linares Daz, 2015). This confirmation indicates a strong relationship between the exposure and the outcome (Miller, 2013). If the study was not conducted in more or less time duration rather than 12 months, the results are most likely to be different. At the same time, if the research could have been conducted in a different population with distinct traits, the outcome could not have been the same. Therefore, the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is both temporal and strong(Kirk Hyra, 2012). Cause-relationship may also be evident from the effect of various levels of exposure (Goykhman et al., 2014). For example, in a period of twelve months, a 10% reduction in body mass index observation was observed in parenting-skills training combined with intense lifestyle education.At the same time, a 5% was determined when only the parenting-skills training was used (Golley et al., 2007). Similarly, there was a change difference in mothers and fathers. For example, for the purpose of categorical analysis, the population was subdivided into overweight, non-overweight and base using the internal obesi ty task definition. To this respect, the parental weight and heights were measured through two distinct measurement methods; self and assessor measurements. This measurement mode had 5% to 13% of women and 71% to 78% of the father at the base and line respectively (Golley et al., 2007). The difference in classification further indicates the existence of a dose-response relationship between the exposure and the result. Calculation of the results was based on the falling of body mass index. In the normal growth, there was a weight gain of 50%. Tentatively, a sample of 28 people was approximated to have 80% detection power at in 12 months (Golley et al., 2007). The mean of body mass weight Z-score from the baseline resulted into 0.26 0.49 and 0.5 when the change in the control group is assumed to be zero (Golley et al., 2007). There was consistency in the results because all the groups involved in the study had a reduction of body mass index. To sum up, the research study had a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome. At the same time, there was strong and dose-response relationship between exposure and the results. The Accordance between the Findings with other Evidence The findings of the study were based on the examination of the effectiveness of parenting skills training only or with intensive lifestyle education. Like any other scientific study, a control experiment was incorporated in which weight listed group was used. The main findings were consistent in that; all the groups had an important reduction of body mass index Z-score over 12 months. This finding was in double with the number of kids in the P+ DA classification 45% in relation to P intervention weight-listed 24% and 19% in that order (Golley et al., 2007). Evidently, the consistency in results indicates a likelihood of similarity between this study and similar or more powerful study designs. The results obtained from the study are plausible in terms of a biological mechanism. Biologically, vigorous exercise enables an overweight person to lose extra weight and come back to normality (Tweed, 2016). For instance, in a certain study, overweight girls aged 5 to 11 years of age were taken through weight reduction treatments and treatment at random(Chatterjee, 1999). Through one of the processes, response-cost plus, parents were engaged in the facilitation of the loss in weight by their children through carrying out stimulus techniques and related reinforcements. This went through the vigorous exercising of the children. As a result, the response-cost technique only did not reinforce the performance of the children effectively. Apparently, after eight weeks of exercise and response cost mechanism, the children gained significant weight loss. After 12 months, the groups that applied the exercise experimental had gained more weight loss compared to the control group. Therefore, the results as per this study are plausible in terms of biological mechanisms and also relate with the findings of other studies on the same aspect. External Validity of Results The results as per this study are externally valid as they can be penalized. The external validity of results is determined by the concept of truth that lies in findings or results in respect to a certain piece of study (Rezaei, Franti, 2016). On a broader view, the external validity is the truth approximation of conclusions of a certain study(Nielsen Knardahl, 2016). Basically, the findings as per the study are consistent and apply similarly to other findings from the same field of study as affirmed in the second last section of the paper above (Golley et al., 2007). Body mass index is a ratio obtained from a lively experience. Like any other experience that involves of human beings, there are confounding factors but are greatly reduced. Basically, the population selected was used as a case study to present the entire human population that is challenged with abnormal weight. When any relevant population is selected and the same exposure, study design and a similar control experiment used, the results are likely to be the same hence, generalizable(Phillips et al., 2013). To illustrate father, this particular study entailed variables that are likely to be constant in any geographical location(Myers, 2014). For example, when a certain number of children are selected in the United States based on weight average, and the same sampling technique used in the Middle East the subject is likely to be the same. Being that the findings as per the study are scientifically true, the results obtained in the former regarding test over weight reduction is likely to be the same in the two distinct located groups(Konradsen, K irkevold Olson, 2013). Therefore, the findings of the study are externally valid hence, generalizable. Summery This paper has applied epidemiological approaches to evaluate evidence in heath science. Epidemiology is a study on patterns, effects and causes of health conditions of a specified population. To this respect, a peer-reviewed epidemiological survey covered by Golley et al.was analyzed in details. By giving evidence presentation in relation to the article, the relationship existence and utilization of exposure through appropriate study design was evident. In respect to the Golley et al.s peer-review article, parenting skills are the main strategy for treating overweight in children. This conclusion is arrived after evaluating the relative effectiveness of parenting skills through an appropriate design comprising of randomized, control trial entailing 111 people among which 64% were overweight women. The paper proceeded to analyze the association between the exposure and the findings, where a strong association between the two is evident. The association analysis of the sturdy drew many picture. As noted in the upper part of the paper, the results are consistent, butcan be affected by selection or measurement bias through cause non-inclusion of some members. Tentatively, the outcome is also likely to be confounding due to combination of the primary interest with external factors. The evident causal association between the exposure and the outcome in the article was observed through the relationship existing between the exposure and the results. It was also observed that the association shows a strong relationship between the exposure and the outcome. The Accordance between the findings and other evidences is also analyzed in this paper. As noted in the second last section of the paper, the results as per the peer-reviewed are plausible in comparison to biological mechanism. Scientifically, vigorous exercise enables an overweight person to lose extra weight. This confounding nature of the articles findings and scientific experiments strengthens the validity of outcome of the study. Finally, this paper has evaluated the external validity of the results. In this section, concepts of truth that lies between the findings was weighed using a different piece of study. After the comparison, the external validity of the findings was found to be reliable. The findings were consistent and apply similarly to other findings from the same field of study. References Birmann, B. M., Barnard, M. E., Bertrand, K. A., Ying, B., Crous-Bou, M., Wolpin, B. M., ... Tworoger, S. S. (2016). 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